{"id":9784,"date":"2023-01-16T17:41:55","date_gmt":"2023-01-16T17:41:55","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/knowhate.eu\/glossary\/"},"modified":"2023-02-07T16:24:38","modified_gmt":"2023-02-07T16:24:38","slug":"glossary","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/knowhate.eu\/pt-pt\/glossary\/","title":{"rendered":"Gloss\u00e1rio"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t
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O que \u00e9 DOO?<\/h4> \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tDefini\u00e7\u00f5es acad\u00e9micas<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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O discurso de \u00f3dio online (DOO) \u00e9 cada vez mais vis\u00edvel nas redes sociais, visando indiv\u00edduos com base na sua perten\u00e7a a um grupo\/categoria social (por exemplo, etnia, \u201cra\u00e7a\u201d, orienta\u00e7\u00e3o sexual, religi\u00e3o). Refere-se a linguagem preconceituosa e depreciativa dirigida a uma pessoa\/grupo devido \u00e0 sua perten\u00e7a grupal e conduz ao evitamento social e agress\u00e3o. Uma caracter\u00edstica central do discurso do \u00f3dio \u00e9 que \u00e9 desumanizante e \u00e9 usado para discriminar, denegrir e prejudicar os alvos. Deste discurso. Em \u00faltima an\u00e1lise, o DOO pode levar a crimes de \u00f3dio, ou genoc\u00eddio, uma vez que a discrimina\u00e7\u00e3o e a desumaniza\u00e7\u00e3o s\u00e3o conhecidas como fases iniciais do genoc\u00eddio humano. As consequ\u00eancias prejudiciais do DOO s\u00e3o generalizadas e t\u00eam impacto nas sociedades como um todo. Para al\u00e9m das consequ\u00eancias prejudiciais para as v\u00edtimas deste discurso, o DOO tamb\u00e9m tem impacto mais alargado nas pessoas que n\u00e3o sendo v\u00edtimas\/alvos directos est\u00e3o expostas a DOO.. De facto, quanto maior exposi\u00e7\u00e3o a DOO, maior o sentido de normaliza\u00e7\u00e3o deste discurso, e menor a sensibilidade dos indiv\u00edduos a conte\u00fados odiosos, o que acaba, em \u00faltima an\u00e1lise, por impedir a sua neutraliza\u00e7\u00e3o e combate eficaz.<\/p>

Uma das principais cr\u00edticas e desafios para combater eficazmente o DOO \u00e9 a falta de uma defini\u00e7\u00e3o conceptual clara. Sem uma defini\u00e7\u00e3o clara do que \u00e9 DOO, e quais s\u00e3o as suas principais caracter\u00edsticas, a investiga\u00e7\u00e3o sobre este t\u00f3pico socialmente relevante fica comprometida. Sem defini\u00e7\u00f5es conceptuais claras, n\u00e3o podemos avaliar este fen\u00f3meno complexo, nem compreender claramente as suas m\u00faltiplas manifesta\u00e7\u00f5es, causas e motiva\u00e7\u00f5es, o que, em \u00faltima an\u00e1lise, impedem uma abordagem eficaz a este problema.<\/p>

No kNOwHATE definimos DOO com base nas recentes orienta\u00e7\u00f5es fornecidas pelo Conselho da Europa na sua \u00faltima Recomenda\u00e7\u00e3o (CM\/Rec\/2022\/16),\u00a0bem como em investiga\u00e7\u00e3o recente (Siegle, 2020):<\/p>

DOO refere-se a linguagem preconceituosa e depreciativa dirigida a uma pessoa\/grupo devido \u00e0 sua perten\u00e7a a um grupo (por exemplo, caracter\u00edsticas percepcionadas como etnia, ra\u00e7a, orienta\u00e7\u00e3o sexual, etc.) que espalha, incita, promove ou justifica o \u00f3dio, a exclus\u00e3o e\/ou a viol\u00eancia\/agress\u00e3o. <\/em><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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Defini\u00e7\u00f5es da Uni\u00e3o Europeia<\/h4> \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Council of Europe in its latest Recommendation (CM\/Rec\/2022\/16)<\/p>

\u201c hate speech is understood as all types of expression that incite, promote, spread or justify violence, hatred or discrimination against a person or group of persons, or that denigrates them, by reason of their real or attributed personal characteristics or status such as \u201crace\u201d, colour, language, religion, nationality, national or ethnic origin, age, disability, sex, gender identity and sexual orientation. (\u2026) As hate speech covers a range of hateful expressions which vary in their severity, the harm they cause and their impact on members of particular groups in different contexts, member States should ensure that a range of properly calibrated measures is in place to effectively prevent and combat hate speech. Such a comprehensive approach should be fully aligned with the European Convention on Human Rights and the relevant case law of the European Court of Human Rights (the Court) and should differentiate between:<\/p>

  1. hate speech that is prohibited under criminal law; and<\/li>
  2. hate speech that does not attain the level of severity required for criminal liability, but is nevertheless subject to civil or administrative law; and<\/li>
  3. offensive or harmful types of expression which are not sufficiently severe to be legitimately restricted under the European Convention on Human Rights, but nevertheless call for alternative responses, as set out below, such as: counter-speech and other countermeasures; measures fostering intercultural dialogue and understanding, including via the media and social media; and relevant educational, information-sharing and awareness-raising activities.\u201d<\/li><\/ol>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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    \n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tGuide to Procedures<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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    Defini\u00e7\u00f5es das Na\u00e7\u00f5es Unidas<\/h4> \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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    \u201cThere is no international legal definition of hate speech, and the characterization of what is \u201chateful\u201d is controversial and disputed. In the context of this document, the term hate speech is understood as any kind of communication in speech, writing or behaviour, that attacks or uses pejorative or discriminatory language with reference to a person or a group on the basis of who they are, in other words, based on their religion, ethnicity, nationality, race, colour, descent, gender or other identity factor. This is often rooted in, and generates in tolerance and hatred and, in certain contexts, can be demeaning and divisive\u201d<\/span><\/div>
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    Strategy and Plan of Action for Hate Speech<\/h4> \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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    \n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tDownload<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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    • CDE Plan\/Activities \u2013 Communication, Dissemination and Exploitation Plan and Activities\u200b<\/li>
    • OHS \u2013 Online Hate Speech\u200b<\/li>
    • OCS \u2013 Online Counter Speech\u200b<\/li>
    • CSOs \u2013 Civil Society Organisations\u200b<\/li>
    • Target Audiences \u2013 main recipients of our communication and dissemination activities: civil society organisations, public authorities, academia and general public\u200b<\/li>
    • Target Groups \/ Target Communities \u2013 minority groups and communities most affected by OHS (LGTBI+ community, immigrants communities and ethnic\/racialized minorities such as Roma people, and Afro-descendents)\u200b<\/li>
    • KPIs \u2013 Key Performance Indicators\u200b<\/li>
    • SEO \u2013 Search Engine Optimisation<\/li><\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

      O que \u00e9 DOO? Defini\u00e7\u00f5es acad\u00e9micas O discurso de \u00f3dio online (DOO) \u00e9 cada vez mais vis\u00edvel nas redes sociais,<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-9784","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"\nGloss\u00e1rio - Knowhate<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/knowhate.eu\/pt-pt\/glossary\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"pt_PT\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Gloss\u00e1rio - Knowhate\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"O que \u00e9 DOO? 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